Integrator
The circuit diagram of integrator using operational amplifier
is shown in the below fig. This circuit is same as inverting amplifier except
that the capacitor C is placed in the place of feedback resistor. The input
current to the ideal amplifier is zero. The feedback through the capacitor C
forces a virtual ground to exist at the inverting input terminal. Thus the
voltage across C is simply the output voltage.
Pic 1 Integrator
The amplifiers therefore, provides an output signal which is
proportional to the integral of the input voltage.
Differentiator
The circuit diagram of differentiation using operational
amplifier is shown in the below fig. In this circuit the capacitor C and
resistor R of the integrator are interchanged. Because of the virtual ground at
the inverting terminal, the current I1 in the fig.
Pic 2 Differentiator
The output voltage i.e. voltage across resistor R can be
expressed as
VO
= -RI1
Thus, the above circuit provides an output signal which is
proportional to the derivative of the input voltage
Scale changer
Scale changer
The multiplier circuit using an operational amplifier is
shown in the below fig. this is an inverting amplifier. Here feedback resistor value
Vf = nR1. From the analysis of inverting amplifier, the
output voltage is given as
VO = - nR1/R1 . Vin
Therefore VO
= - n Vin
Pic 3 scale changer
Thus the output voltage is n times that of input. The sign
can be changed by using another op-amp sign changer in cascade.
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